Experiment A
Bacteria is a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but
lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease
(Lexico, 2020). While most microorganisms are harmless, some species of bacteria cause death.
The WHO states that "Inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause 432 000 diarrhoea deaths
annually and is a major factor in several neglected tropical diseases, including intestinal worms,
schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Poor sanitation also contributes to malnutrition. Some
827 000 people in low- and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water,
sanitation, and hygiene each year, representing 60% of total diarrhoeal deaths.
It is believed that poor sanitation is the main cause in some 432 000 of these deaths."
(World Health Organisation 2019).
lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause disease
(Lexico, 2020). While most microorganisms are harmless, some species of bacteria cause death.
The WHO states that "Inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause 432 000 diarrhoea deaths
annually and is a major factor in several neglected tropical diseases, including intestinal worms,
schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Poor sanitation also contributes to malnutrition. Some
827 000 people in low- and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water,
sanitation, and hygiene each year, representing 60% of total diarrhoeal deaths.
It is believed that poor sanitation is the main cause in some 432 000 of these deaths."
(World Health Organisation 2019).
Related to bacteria, cleanliness is the state or quality of being clean or being kept clean
(Lexico, 2020). For school cleaning and disinfection, multiple challenges exist. First, although
'clean' may be generally defined based on the absence of visible soil, infectious pathogens
cannot be seen or easily measured in the home. As a result, one cannot readily discern to what
extent disinfection is needed or achieved. Second, the resident or cleaner may know nothing
about pathogens other than a vague sense of the need for cleanliness and disinfection.
They may not know or understand the difference between cleaning and disinfection, including
the fact that a surface should be cleaned before it is disinfected. (Goodyear, N., 2015)
(Lexico, 2020). For school cleaning and disinfection, multiple challenges exist. First, although
'clean' may be generally defined based on the absence of visible soil, infectious pathogens
cannot be seen or easily measured in the home. As a result, one cannot readily discern to what
extent disinfection is needed or achieved. Second, the resident or cleaner may know nothing
about pathogens other than a vague sense of the need for cleanliness and disinfection.
They may not know or understand the difference between cleaning and disinfection, including
the fact that a surface should be cleaned before it is disinfected. (Goodyear, N., 2015)
According to research, in 2017, 45% of the global population (3.4 billion people) used safely man
aged sanitation service. Good hygiene can help your psychological health. Good hygiene is
crucial to good overall health and wellness because it helps lower the risk for disease, illness,
and medical conditions caused by the effects of poor hygiene. When a person doesn't practise
good hygiene, their body can accumulate bacteria that contribute to diseases such as athlete's
foot, head lice, and scabies. Poor health can also cause parasites to grow and multiply on the
skin and in the body, causing parasitic diseases like malaria and toxoplasmosis
(Mayo Clinic, October 03, 2017).
aged sanitation service. Good hygiene can help your psychological health. Good hygiene is
crucial to good overall health and wellness because it helps lower the risk for disease, illness,
and medical conditions caused by the effects of poor hygiene. When a person doesn't practise
good hygiene, their body can accumulate bacteria that contribute to diseases such as athlete's
foot, head lice, and scabies. Poor health can also cause parasites to grow and multiply on the
skin and in the body, causing parasitic diseases like malaria and toxoplasmosis
(Mayo Clinic, October 03, 2017).
Good hygiene lowers your risk for infections and illnesses commonly spread through viruses and
bacteria. Your hands come into contact with bacteria every time you cough, use the restroom, to
uch your pet, or touch surfaces, such as stair railings, frequently used by others. Failing to
protect your hygiene allows illness-causing bacteria into your body, increasing the risk for
disease.
There are no risks to practising good hygiene. Poor hygiene, on the other hand, increases the risk
for bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Severe medical conditions that can develop on behalf
of poor health include gastroenteritis (WebMD, 2020), food poisoning, hepatitis A, influenza,
(Solvhealth, 2020) common cold, (Solvhealth, 2020) giardiasis (Healthline, 2020), roundworm,
and threadworm. Good hygiene can help you avoid the possible risks associated with poor
sanitation. (Solvhealth, 2020) Using chemicals, such as alcohol ethoxylate or chlorine, can kill
almost every bacteria. Products labelled "antibacterial" contain additional bacteria-killing
substances such as triclosan (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2020) or triclocarban.
(Wikipedia, December 16 2019) For example, Jif contains sodium carbonate, sodium
dodecylbenzene sulfonate and calcium carbonate kill bacteria. (Unilever, 2020)
bacteria. Your hands come into contact with bacteria every time you cough, use the restroom, to
uch your pet, or touch surfaces, such as stair railings, frequently used by others. Failing to
protect your hygiene allows illness-causing bacteria into your body, increasing the risk for
disease.
There are no risks to practising good hygiene. Poor hygiene, on the other hand, increases the risk
for bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Severe medical conditions that can develop on behalf
of poor health include gastroenteritis (WebMD, 2020), food poisoning, hepatitis A, influenza,
(Solvhealth, 2020) common cold, (Solvhealth, 2020) giardiasis (Healthline, 2020), roundworm,
and threadworm. Good hygiene can help you avoid the possible risks associated with poor
sanitation. (Solvhealth, 2020) Using chemicals, such as alcohol ethoxylate or chlorine, can kill
almost every bacteria. Products labelled "antibacterial" contain additional bacteria-killing
substances such as triclosan (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2020) or triclocarban.
(Wikipedia, December 16 2019) For example, Jif contains sodium carbonate, sodium
dodecylbenzene sulfonate and calcium carbonate kill bacteria. (Unilever, 2020)
Hence our idea, "Investigation of the effect of different chemicals on the growth of bacteria" is to
benefit our knowledge and to provide a cleaner environment for SST students.
benefit our knowledge and to provide a cleaner environment for SST students.
This investigation is essential as we can apply it to our everyday life in school. We can even
improve the whole world's sanitation. Sanitation is vital to every human as it is healthy. Adequate
sanitation means we can reduce the risk of infecting diseases to our body.
improve the whole world's sanitation. Sanitation is vital to every human as it is healthy. Adequate
sanitation means we can reduce the risk of infecting diseases to our body.
So, by carrying out this experiment, we would be able to confirm which chemicals are active in
killing bacteria are most effective in killing the germs in our everyday lives. From there, we hope
to improve the school and the world's sanitation by finding out which soaps are the most efficient.
This will help reduce the number of illnesses and deaths linked to unsanitary environments and
may help improve other companies soaps. Companies could also make a cheaper version,
helping third world countries like Africa, where inadequate sanitisation is frequent.
killing bacteria are most effective in killing the germs in our everyday lives. From there, we hope
to improve the school and the world's sanitation by finding out which soaps are the most efficient.
This will help reduce the number of illnesses and deaths linked to unsanitary environments and
may help improve other companies soaps. Companies could also make a cheaper version,
helping third world countries like Africa, where inadequate sanitisation is frequent.
Experiment B
Clorox is a type of bleach from The Clorox Company. Household bleaches are a part of everyday
life and are in nearly every home, usually in more than one form. There are two main classes of
household bleach: chlorine bleaches and non-chlorine bleaches. All of these bleaches are in a
class of chemicals known as oxidative agents, meaning that they cause a chemical reaction
called oxidation when they come into contact with certain stains, certain germs or other organisms,
and sometimes clothing dyes.
life and are in nearly every home, usually in more than one form. There are two main classes of
household bleach: chlorine bleaches and non-chlorine bleaches. All of these bleaches are in a
class of chemicals known as oxidative agents, meaning that they cause a chemical reaction
called oxidation when they come into contact with certain stains, certain germs or other organisms,
and sometimes clothing dyes.
Bleach is a very useful chemical both around the house and for large-scale use. You can use
bleach to remove stains on clothing or to whiten your laundry. It's used to disinfect surfaces, too,
especially in the kitchen and bathroom. Hospital personnel use bleach as a disinfectant, hotels
use bleach to clean and disinfect bed linens and surfaces, and restaurants disinfect food
preparation surfaces with chlorine bleach. People use chlorine in swimming pools to keep the
water clean and raise the pH, and in much smaller concentrations to help keep municipal water
supplies free of harmful organisms. Companies sometimes add chlorine bleach to industrial
wastewater to reduce odor, and chlorine is used by the glass, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,
agriculture, paint and paper industries. With its many uses, bleach is a very familiar product to
most people. (Melissa, S, 2009) Clorox is a chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach contains the active
ingredient sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), while non-chlorine bleaches have different active
ingredients for different purposes.
bleach to remove stains on clothing or to whiten your laundry. It's used to disinfect surfaces, too,
especially in the kitchen and bathroom. Hospital personnel use bleach as a disinfectant, hotels
use bleach to clean and disinfect bed linens and surfaces, and restaurants disinfect food
preparation surfaces with chlorine bleach. People use chlorine in swimming pools to keep the
water clean and raise the pH, and in much smaller concentrations to help keep municipal water
supplies free of harmful organisms. Companies sometimes add chlorine bleach to industrial
wastewater to reduce odor, and chlorine is used by the glass, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,
agriculture, paint and paper industries. With its many uses, bleach is a very familiar product to
most people. (Melissa, S, 2009) Clorox is a chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach contains the active
ingredient sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), while non-chlorine bleaches have different active
ingredients for different purposes.
Sodium Hypochlorite performs the bleaching, stain removal and disinfection functions. This
chemical is highly effective in killing bacteria. Since Clorox is made of this chemical, this proves
that Clorox is good in killing bacteria. Chlorine bleach kills Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that
causes cholera, a disease that killed in epidemic proportions before water treatment. It can still
kill in countries where clean drinking water is not available. Chlorine bleach can also kill
dangerous bacteria and viruses on surfaces, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus, influenza and HIV. Chlorine bleach is especially valuable as a disinfectant, since germs
are not able to develop immunity against it, as they have done against certain drugs
(Lenntech, 2020).
chemical is highly effective in killing bacteria. Since Clorox is made of this chemical, this proves
that Clorox is good in killing bacteria. Chlorine bleach kills Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that
causes cholera, a disease that killed in epidemic proportions before water treatment. It can still
kill in countries where clean drinking water is not available. Chlorine bleach can also kill
dangerous bacteria and viruses on surfaces, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus, influenza and HIV. Chlorine bleach is especially valuable as a disinfectant, since germs
are not able to develop immunity against it, as they have done against certain drugs
(Lenntech, 2020).
To kill germs, sodium hypochlorite uses the same quality that makes it such a great stain
remover -- its power as an oxidizing agent. When sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with
viruses, bacteria, mold or fungi, it oxidizes molecules in the cells of the germs and kills them.
Scientists also believe that the hypochlorous acid that forms when sodium hypochlorite is added
to water can break down the cell walls of some germs. The hypochlorous acid also seems to be
able to cause certain proteins to build up in bacteria, making their cells unable to function
(Winter, J, 2008). Non-chlorine bleaches that are oxidizing agents can also act as disinfectants
on some surfaces, but they are less potent than chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach, when used
properly, is a practical and effective disinfectant. This shows that Chlorine is highly effective in
killing bacteria, especially viruses even like the recent 2019 coronavirus.
remover -- its power as an oxidizing agent. When sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with
viruses, bacteria, mold or fungi, it oxidizes molecules in the cells of the germs and kills them.
Scientists also believe that the hypochlorous acid that forms when sodium hypochlorite is added
to water can break down the cell walls of some germs. The hypochlorous acid also seems to be
able to cause certain proteins to build up in bacteria, making their cells unable to function
(Winter, J, 2008). Non-chlorine bleaches that are oxidizing agents can also act as disinfectants
on some surfaces, but they are less potent than chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach, when used
properly, is a practical and effective disinfectant. This shows that Chlorine is highly effective in
killing bacteria, especially viruses even like the recent 2019 coronavirus.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has evaluated multiple scientific studies on the
effects of chlorinated drinking water, and the organization's found no evidence of risk for cancer,
reproductive problems or birth defects. The European Commission (EC) also determined that the
most common sources of exposure to chlorine bleach is through skin contact when using bleach
for cleaning at home or through ingestion of chlorinated drinking water. Swallowing small amounts
of swimming pool water may also be a risk, but there is no significant indirect exposure through
the environment. The Commission determined that there is no evidence of negative health effects
due to long-term exposure to small amounts of chlorine bleach. These results show that Clorox is
safe to use. (Melissa, S, 2009)
effects of chlorinated drinking water, and the organization's found no evidence of risk for cancer,
reproductive problems or birth defects. The European Commission (EC) also determined that the
most common sources of exposure to chlorine bleach is through skin contact when using bleach
for cleaning at home or through ingestion of chlorinated drinking water. Swallowing small amounts
of swimming pool water may also be a risk, but there is no significant indirect exposure through
the environment. The Commission determined that there is no evidence of negative health effects
due to long-term exposure to small amounts of chlorine bleach. These results show that Clorox is
safe to use. (Melissa, S, 2009)
Further research in this experiment can allow us to determine the amount of concentration needed
from the Clorox to kill bacteria. This will allow us to cut cost by using a bottle for a longer time. We
would also be able to prove that a lower concentration of Clorox is as effective as the undiluted
Clorox in killing viruses like the 2019 coronavirus on surfaces.
from the Clorox to kill bacteria. This will allow us to cut cost by using a bottle for a longer time. We
would also be able to prove that a lower concentration of Clorox is as effective as the undiluted
Clorox in killing viruses like the 2019 coronavirus on surfaces.
2.1 Research question being addressed
What are the effects of different chemicals like Mama lemon and Mr Muscle and more on the growth of canteen table bacteria?
2.2 Hypotheses
Experiment A:
The hypothesis is the more acidic the chemical is, the less likely bacteria will survive.
Experiment B:
The hypothesis is the less concentrated Clorox is equally as effective as the fully concentrated Clorox in killing bacteria.
2.2.1 Independent variable
The type of cleaning product tested to kill the bacteria
2.2.2 Dependent variable
The diameter of the inhibition of bacterial growth
2.2.3 Controlled variables
A)
- Source of bacteria used
- The time is given for the bacteria to grow
- Mass of chemical used
B)
- The volume of dilute used
- The time that is given for bacteria to grow
- Source of bacteria used
2.3 How is this based on the rationale described above?
finding out which soaps are the most efficient. It is to benefit our knowledge and to provide
a cleaner environment for SST students. Also, this will help reduce the number of illnesses
and deaths linked to unsanitary environments and may help improve other companies soaps.
Companies could also make a cheaper version, helping third world countries like Africa,
where inadequate sanitation is frequent. This experiment can improve the school and the world’s
sanitation.
B. If the hypothesis is correct, this experiment can allow us to determine the concentration needed
from the Clorox to kill bacteria. This will allow us to cut cost by using a bottle for a longer time.
We would also be able to prove that a lower concentration of Clorox is as effective as the
undiluted Clorox in killing viruses like the 2019 coronavirus on surfaces.
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